什么是及物动词?什么是表语?什么是系动词,还有什么和这一类?

及物动词（vt.)后面通常跟宾语：What did（及物动词） you （宾语）say 你说什么?
I am translating a poem.我在翻译一首诗．
不及物动词（vi.)后面不跟宾语：
Who is calling?谁在打电话?
I am looking for my key .我在找我的钥匙．
决大多数动词既可做及物动词有可作不及物动词,挚友少数动词通常只用作vi.,如：appear,exist,happen,occur,vanish,ache,bleed,pause等,但在个别情况下也可跟宾语,如：weep bitter tears,cough blood ,die a
heroicdeath,sigh one's relief.另外有少数动词通常只用作vt.,如:have ,raise ,carry,catch,cover,
destroy,trust,use,surprise,accept,correct,discuss
,expect,thank,warm等,只偶作vi.,如：She frightens
easily,come if like .
表语的功能是表述主语的特征,状态,身份等．它可以说是一种主语的补足语．它位于连系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构,在系表结构中,连系动词知识形式上谓语,而真正起谓语作用的则市表语,可用作表语的有名词,代词,数词,形容词,副词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语,从句等,如：
It is a pity （表语)thatNancy cannot come to the party.
令人遗憾的是兰西不能；来参加宴会了．
The new （主语）is（连系动词） ture（表语）.那消息是真的．
常用系动词用法比较
形容词在这类系动词后面作表语
go和come相比,“go＋形容词”多表示“从好的状态变成坏的状态”,后面的形容词为mad,crazy,blind,lame或表示颜色的形容词,go前面的主语一般为人
E.g.He went mad last year.
Hearing this,she went red.
“come＋形容词”多表示“从坏的状态变成好的状态”
E.g.Thing will come right in the end.
run后面接short,dry,low,deep等形容词作表语时,其前的主语多为能流动的或消耗掉的东西.若后面的形容词为wild,则主语可以是人.
E.g.Their money was running short.
Still water runs deep.
The child run wild.
grow 后面可以接表示人或物的特征的静态形容词作表语,也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语.侧重于“逐渐变成某种状态”.
E.g.The girl grew thinner and thinner.
Soon the sky grew darks.
turn 后面多接表示颜色的形容词,也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语,侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”.
E.g.The man turned blue with fear.
The weather suddenly turned much colder.
fall 可以接asleep,silent等静态形容词或表示疾病的形容词作表语,但不能接形容词的比较级作表语.
E.g.She fell ill from cold.
“get + 形容词”多用在口语中.get 能替代become,但become较为正式.get 与become前面的主语既可以是人也可以是物；get 经常与形容词的比较级连用.
E.g.He became got angry with his son.
His coat has become got badly torn.
The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice.
注：become一般不可以用来表示“将来变得……”的意思.
2．become,turn,get,go,fall后面能跟名词作表语,其他的“变成”类系动词后面不能跟名词作表语
E.g.His dream has become a reality.
He has turned scientist.
Her cheeks went a very pretty pink.
He fell a victim to cancer.
注：在turn后面作表语用的名词前通常不带冠词.
3.come和go后面多接有否定前缀的过去分词.“get＋pp”表示一次行为；“become＋pp”表示事物发展的最后结果.
E.g.The string comes untied.
His report went unnoticed.
The fence gets white-washed every year.
The room soon became crowded.
4.系动词get,go,come后面可接现在分词,但含义不是“成为”.
E.g.They went in and got chatting together.
We often go swimming.
He came running in.
5.come,grow,get后面接不定式,表示变化过程.come表示“最终变得”；get表示“由……变得”；grow表示“渐渐变得”
E.g.I’ve really come to love this place.
Mary’s growing to be more and more like her mother.
You’ll soon get to like it.
注：这种结构不能与表示一段时间的状语连用.

1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”

一、英语语句基本结构分析：
>> 主谓宾结构：
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一...