英语翻译Achilles-tendon-tears mostly involve the middle third of

英语翻译
Achilles-tendon-tears mostly involve the middle third of the Achilles- tendon.They mostly occur in youth,due to direct traumas,or in the fifth decade,due to degeneration and overload.The rupture can easily be diagnosed by clinical findings:The patient has to set down on his arms and knees,his feet hanging over the edge of a table.Now,the calf muscles must be pinched on both sides (Thomson-pinch-test).The injured side then will not show plantar flexion of the foot while the foot of the healthy side will move normally
Rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb
This lesion is often seen in sports,especially in skiing.The rupture affects the ulnar collateral ligament of the meta-carpo-phalangeal joint and leads to a severe weakness of the thumb.It can also be i evident by stressradiograms and MRT.That injury should always be operated.Conservative treatment is not able to restore sufficient joint-stability.
Fractures in Sports
First we should distinguish between closed and compound fractures.Then several different fracture-types can also be distinguished (Table:“Fracture types”).
Fracture types:
> cross fracture
> transverse fracture
> spiral fracture
> comminuted fracture
> compound fracture
copyright Prof.Dr.van laack,Aachen,Germany
In non-matured young patients another special type of closed-fracture can be seen:the greenstick-fracture,which shows an intact periostal membrane,although the bone itself is broken.Here,conservative treatment is recommended.First aid on fractures always means to avoid motion,but on the other hand,it does not mean to immobilize the fractured limb actively.
If a fracture is obvious,the limb should be immobilized by fixing (keeping) it in his momentary position,and all possible forces should be prevented.Active immobilization,such as achieved by special braces,should be done by the doctor!The investigation of sufficient blood- and nerve-supply in the area distal of the fracture,must be -performed first.X-rays must always be taken in at least two planes,a fracture can be overseen otherwise.
In case of having a child with a fractured limb,both complementary sides must be investigated by x-rays,due to possible misinterpretation of epiphyseal plates otherwise.Many fractures can be sufficiently managed conservatively.Some rules help to decide,whether surgical intervention is required or conservative treatment can be recommended (Table:“Decisive aspects for surgical fracture treatment”).
Dr.med.Walter van Laack